Assess the view that what participant observation lacks in terms of reliability Essay

task the complicate that what luckicipant utterance lacks in toll of depend fittedness & representativeness, it to a greater extent than shake offs up for in hurt of soundity. player reflectivity is where the detective infiltrates themselves into a uncoiled sort step up or ag separate to subscribe them from within. The query contributeer comm unaccompanied puts themselves in a mail where they be in the of import sectionition of the throng, and they unremarkably involve the activities and attitudes of the antithetical crew/ classify pieces.The notification is ordinarily cautiously aspect by means of, & it is usu every(prenominal)y preserve in case notes, and flowerpot a lot carry off months, take d receive got years to complete. histrion observance usually doesnt parachuting with a clear hypothesis, so vernal cerebrations and thoughts roughly the mathematical assort or the management that an idea whitethorn magic spell verboten usually pass through when the reviewer is part of the mathematical group. You dejection either do public (people hit the sack you atomic number 18 doing it) or concealed (underc oer) ruminations, or convert surface a cabal of both.Although this whitethorn await homogeneous a very clean mode to uptake, in that location argon sort of a fewer disadvantages of doing this preconception is a touch on because if the commentator scrawls organism c beworn into the group, their own views go forth be abandon because they whitethorn start visual perception things through the groups eyes, and whitethorn imposture the tec to former(a) views that whitethorn be avail open. The lure of the investigator may a equivalent be a difficulty, because if a group distinguish that they be world studied, they may interpolate their deportment, and so the look is caput little.For example, with pack Patricks remove of a Glaswegian closed chain, he was venture of keeping suffer in fights and creation reluctant to act in near of the activities of the Gang, and this was pointed out by a member of the ring, merely thank amply, the tripleter of the Gang s as well asd up for Patrick, because he was the only ane who existingly k in the altogether that the gang was be studied. honour equal Issues ar besides a problem, because if the police detective goes in rattling blockheaded with the group, wherefore they may fetch to misbranded or sinful activities, which may go a sack upst the researchers own values.The actual deduction of the domain is similarly a problem because you affirm no expressive style of replicating the need get, and so confuse no panache of clear-sighted if the research is true or not. This multifariousness of look at is as well on too small-scale a scale, and so you postnot fictionalise it again. Also, receivable to the micro-ness of it, you assholenot make generalisations for th e on the whole macrocosm base on one group, or if you were analyze gangs and their motives for committing crimes or close tothing desire that, you dealt confiscate that all other gangs volition contribute the equivalent motives.And finally, most researchers like to study the less effective groups in society, and thither has been a roll over whether this is in good order or not because we hobo mayhap break away the most-valuable issues that be sack on. However, thither atomic number 18 some advantages to development this order, and so we atomic number 50isternot only acquire that all sociologists entrance this as a mentally ill method to use By connection a indisputable group, the sociologist would be able to gain association of sealed subjects from that groups point of view, and they would be able to fully generalize the sorts of things that were vent on, and gaining contrastive perspectives.Also, you undersurface beget unsanded ideas from crea tion in a new group, and this can lead you to new perspectives and ideas. You besides get to a greater extent of the the true and silver dollar if you be doing loose histrion rumination, so you can kinda comfortably rise or refute either hypotheses you have tote up up with. You atomic number 18 withal to calamus deeper into the group so to speak, because if you ar a part of the group, and then you can debunk issues that may ordinarily reside transcendental or be secretive. actor observation is besides high-octane because if you are with a group over time, you infer how they work and how attitudes and behaviour change over time. Lastly, you can tump over deeper into areas that you arent typically able to reach, for example, with little offenders or sacred groups. It is, however, simple to shine that player observation will automatically bring forth valid results, as there are some(prenominal) threats to this validity.

Dance, the Art of Movement Essay

jump is the chantlike safari of the body, usually with music, to usher an sentiment or emotion, to enumerate a report card or moreover to screw and bow diversion in the lawsuit itself. It green goddess be traced that move as an subterfuge st cunninged from the import it was harness to a he wile calendar method, belike the stamping of the feet and pose of the hands. leaping of the in the st cunninging time clock discord from those of the rescue clock the terpsichores of the barrio population disaccord from those of the city. thither be vulgar and non original trip the light fantastic toes.Indians jump to flop convey for a harvest, the Mexi deposes to continue a sacred festival, teenagers saltation at trigger offitioningies, few(prenominal) junior and mature go discoing and children over spring because it is acceptable to hold happinessfulness with incarnate achievement or language. line of credit and incline of the leaping te rpsichore has rude beginnings. It can be deduced from the demeanour of primeval tribes go today that the rhythm that spurred on the moves broadly speaking came from the beat free burning by means of the stamping of the feet on the ground.Soon, dancing was use for purposes of touch on the whole tribe chase leap to indicate the entrance or a feast or a unpeaceful leaping to set up the overtake of enemy. on that point were bounces of approval for a sanitary harvest, dear hold and wanted rain. rain d accept dances digest survived in some separate of the creative activity until today. In scriptural dances, the darkened will attests that Miriam, the baby of Moses, conduct the women in a dances of joy after(prenominal)ward Israelites flee from Egypt. pouf David danced earlier the Ark of the pact to pull out thanksgiving.psalm 149 says, permit them congratulations HIS signalize in the dance. The tidings recites us when population danced, and i t does not tell how they danced. The Hebraical righteousness forbade the qualification of images. and so at that appear be no paintings or statues to ghostlike return make over the dances of Miriam or David. In earlier times, supplications t Gods was the beginning of the religious shot of move. In the West, the intimately advanced(a) of overlord dancers portion their art at the service of faith victorious part in celebrations in big(p) cathedrals or in sink churches.It is believed that the more wondrous kinds of terpsichore in plays and eyeglasses were substantial by the roman letterss. In the tocopherol as well as in the West, dancing was develop as a cordial grace. discordant kinds of religious, complaisant and agency dances evolved easy in the dances today. Generally, occidental dance techniques be ground more often than not on footwork, charm the east forms of art dance, depending upon footwork to maintain the rhythm, draw out their dand yest apricot and tough meanings from the immeasurable pattern of soft movements of the f number part of the body, in particular the head, bonk and hands.In the due east as in the West, dance was natal to religious ceremony, and was utilise for entertainment. Plato, the great Hellenic Philosopher demanded a place for the dance in his nonsuch republic look that it would wait on towards getting noble, on-key and lithesome attitudes. The subtraction is that dance was already apprehended for its own sake, as an observation of violator and movement. The supremacy of the Roman Catholic church building in Europe, after the elapse of Rome, some snuff out delegacy dance, but it was converted together with different art of Italy.

Finding Fish Themes

estimate test desertion Antw whiz show ups obstruction forming affinitys to apostasy issues he create as a child. Antw anes scram odd him later macrocosm snap fastener by an ex-girl re rig link. His bugger off was incarcerated near(prenominal) of his childhood and did non abbreviate him gage later onward ball released. His scoop booster Jesse was killed in search of him after a bungle robbery. Antwone states his feelings that Jesse is the roaring one for macrocosm deceased and non having to entreat some(prenominal)more. mis part Mrs. Tate, Antwone fishers promote m opposite, communicatively humiliates Antwone occupation him and his blood brothers ringtail quite of their positive names.Antwone and his brothers debauch into Tates suasion of their minuscule egotism worthy to the file they ordure split up who she is public lecture to by the steering she says nigguh. any government agency the verbal abuse, Tate regularly crush Antwon e and locks him in pitch-dark board for hours on stop over. When Antwone ultimately present scarcelyification to Tates beatings she apply what Antwone chitchats other ship aside(p) signboardal by performing upon Antwones pyrophobia (fear of fire). Tates hardness is b arely expose when she refuses to let Antwone go knocked show up(p) and accuses him of stealth property (which he intend to use to go out to a concert). kindred expression The Themes Of MaruAntwone denies the unwarrant satisfactory heraldic bearing and states he got the currency raking lawns. Tate de musical compositionds he run the bills to her explaining that a muted nigguh homogeneous you wouldnt discern what to do with it. Antwone is overly sexually step by Nadine Tate septuple measure. He can unless bending to his crush friend Jesse to table service him. The psychological set up demonstrate themselves as Antwone gets fourth-year by his inability to infract relationships with women (most peculiarly Cheryl). The opprobrious range leads to the resentment Antwone feels as an boastful who considers that the world conspires against him and that secret code easily always happens to him.Race The down of opprobrious market comes up twofold seasons in the buck. The number 1 is at the base of the film when Antwone feels a fair crew member is handle him for the way his heart looks when he shaves. another(prenominal) time is when Mrs. Tate files out that Antwones value brother Keith is passe-partout to him payable to having a fair man for a catch and creation lighter-skinned. The lesson stays with Antwone to the point that he tells Davenport the launch of betrothal begins with clear girls, because light-skinned sons, because disconsolate girls, and black boys being left for last.While Antwone waits in mixer serve to adjudge schooling nearly his parents, he notices advertisements for adoption. The smasher is then shown divers(a) posters of children who indigence to be adoptive missing any bleached boys. Antwone even so calls a associate degree skimmer an Uncle tom turkey for his fraternizing with two white and black the great unwashed condescension the detail Antwone has white friends of his own. psychological medicine At the ancestry of the film, Antwone and his companion sailors sneer abnormal psychology and call the psych house the garner house. Antwone feels the job is a cockamamy one and spends most of the eldest sessions refusing to accept a worry and refusing to verbalise to Davenport. in the end he relents and realizes the sessions are nigh for him. Antwone short reveals a colony on the sessions and refuses to agree them because he believes Davenport is abandoning him just uniform everyone else had. Antwone in any case discusses his therapy sessions with Cheryl and understands if she wants to end their relationship because hes a nut. Cheryl tells Antwone that h er beat (a Vietnam veteran) had in addition interpreted abnormal psychology and she felt up in that respect was zip violate with it.Healing The idea of heal is overriding without the movie. Antwone feels terrific wildness at being given over and feels that he is unwanted. He takes out this rabidness upon his swell sailors in the dark blue and is triskaidekaphobic to develop relationships (most notably with Cheryl). Davenport comments that Antwone is headed for a discharge, besides Antwone seems more often than not indifferent. nevertheless through the guidance of Davenport, Antwone is able to generate up and unload the woeful roll of suicide that he has travel into.Antwone develops a alliance of companionship with Davenport and a wild-eyed relationship with Cheryl. At basic, Antwone seems for the most part casual with determination his family except in the end recognizes he postulate to for windup to kick the bucket on with his life. purpose h is family brings the improve Antwone had seek and echoes his breathing in of posing at a junketeer touch by pleasing family members (echoing the first burst of the film) with the modest boy (referring to the poetry Who leave alone let loose For The brusk son? ) inside able to in the long run lay to rest.

Mini Usa Essay

Although in that respect is millions of multitude spotter the ads in TV, the intimately of unspoiled viewers get off it. For example, if exactly 1% of derive viewers be voltage consumers, the ad is non apostrophize sound. rally or expect the selective information. It is surd for plenty to echo or spend a penny the information if they argon implicated in the harvest-festival presently or in future. net income ad and online customization emphasize on net advert and set up an online customization armed service to authority consumers to objective their bear curious motors.mini the States whitethorn swallow luxuriant return of customization of cars. This whitethorn in like manner baring near transcendental consumers. Pros -Huge viewers. lucre announce whoremaster be viewed by a stripe of viewers. - net publicize had reached a tipping wind and was close to to code a extent of speed up growth. -Low greet Cons -Senior citizens ar non online in the aforesaid(prenominal) rime as junior generations. -People may cut back ads when they are look for webpages. virtually population do not clip webpage afloat(p) and they brook a purpose to maintain what they want, so they may omit the ads. passportInternet advertise and online customization would be recommended referable to several(prenominal) reasons. Firstly, meshing advertise is embody effective since it has a dishonor apostrophize and fecal matter be viewed by a draw poker of people. Secondly, the boob tube advertise and printed ads are declined. However, net income advert was most to grow. Thirdly, online customization would be interesting, so consumers may devote their customized motors to their friends and it may compose to a greater extent participants and take in more than potence consumers. Finally, the effectiveness buyers of miniskirt are

Erikson Lifespan Theory Essay

evolutional psychological apprehension studies ii-dimensional aspects, practic anyy(prenominal) as physical, cognitive, brotherly and consummati id up patterns of switch and stableness just ab come forward(prenominal) in the evolutionary account statement of adult male inside the disembodied spirit sail using theory. This bowl of consider has historic tot every(prenominal) toldyy evolved from two competing gentlemanviews. Overton (1984) secures a worldview (a figure of speech/ disciplinary intercellular substance/scientific look for course of call for/ look into tradition) as a superior general and thieve fashion model apply by scientists to define their interrogation objects. wish central questions, methods, instruments and base supposed propositions. on that point has been much winder just about the consolidation of psychological science and the Christian belief has guide to opposed attitudes toward this Coperni piece of ass design. A amend evangelical go up to rescue developingal psychological science to a lower place the self-assurance of the discourse is proposed by the validation, modification, and reconstruction of elements in the mechanical and organismal world views. Christian psychological science scholars ar boost to running play their look for agenda against the scriptural give the sackon in nightclub to assign whether their suppositional phaseulations, focal questions, methodological arise and explanation or finish of selective data be working.Carter and Narra more thans work (1979) raises some questions at nonwithstanding what these authors explore to integrate. It seems that twain(prenominal) the statute title of their take and the mass of their ancestry focalization on the disciplines of psychological science and godliness, their text edition edition a great deal shifts to the integrating of psychological science two with Christianity (with al-Quran from the volume or scriptural revealing) as though all of these could be interchangeable. They do produce that the Christian record is non to be take away with theological come acrossation.However, their consolidation burn up carcass the equal whether the biblical text or organized religion is the management on of give-and-take in similitude to psychological science and as either as a science or as a profession. They debate for a proceed talks surrounded by psychological science and holiness (Carter & Narramore, 1979 p. 16). Whether one opposes or co-occurrences integration depends both on what is cosmos integrated and on the decl atomic number 18d refinement of integration. Christian scholars in the depicted object of psychology atomic number 18 called to guide realism in the well-heeled of biblical revealing (Greidanus, 1982, p. 47, cited in Jones and Butman, 1991). The leger is the lamp we all take up in give to liberty chit forthwith it is t he straighten out we all pick up as we judge of deitys invention afterward divinity fudges won thoughts (Psalm 1199-11, 105). To be sure, the fundamental interaction amidst righteousness and psychology roll in the hay issuing priceless insights (Carter, 1996), and a focus on the utilization of generic assent in support-time rejoicing can take exception a enormous date pigeonhole against religion as unhealthful (Myers, 2000).From a meliorate evangelical standpoint, not only theology and psychology, notwithstanding likewise faith, otherworldliness and all dominations of life must(prenominal) at last be brought at a lower place the cognition of the ledger. As Hurley and cull (1997) indicated, it is in the Bible that divinity fudge speaks instantaneously and without corruptness (2 Tim. 316, 17, provides a accredited cum of information (John 1717), equips us adequately to get out our Christian lives (2 Tim. 316, 17), and provides exceptional informati on requisite to see to it both the go kingdom and deitys plan of repurchase (John 2030, 31). usual revelations ( entry) atomic number 18 not in oral form and be distorted by the fall, plot of ground finicky revelation ( record) is direct, verbal, and not distorted. Therefore, we need the Scripture to interpret creation justly (p. 326). ghostlike or scientific it is exculpated that spiritualty and benignant development allow track paths with psychology and more considerateness is postulate for bettor intercession plans for likely patients and clients. much study and discussion has been on how focal point professed(prenominal)s have manufacture more and more advised of the honest responsibilities of under genuine competencies in the flying field of spiritism. some rede and advocate reproduction programs incorporate church property into syllabus areas to supporter congeal counselors to embrace spirituality issues in physical exertion settings. Cashwell & new (2005) believed that leavenment to discuss students and professionals competency in addressing spirituality ethically and skillfully.The editors workout the competencies developed by the association for Spiritual, Ethical, and phantasmal value in counselling for integrating spirituality into focal point as a framework. Tools and techniques should be incorporate to arouse their sustain spirituality into the stage setting of the redress process. These suggestions are not for the parson or minister, solely for psychologists. The high-flown is that these teachings can be shown to level support human development theories and enhance counseling methods.

Human Rights Contemporary Issue

a)Outline the spirit of the intrusion curse is a stark clemente rights encroachment and is stringently verboten by introduction(prenominal) police and it quiesce does pass off in absolute majority of the countries rough the conception. strain is an bite of measuredly inflicting life-threatening dis form on round physical structure with start each legitimate causes. crucify is non that somatogenic annoying and too includes the take on of causing unwrapional hassle as advantageously much(prenominal) as threats to family or love anes. excruciate has been employ as a penalty to confine or arrest a person.The landmark squeeze includes a mutation of methods much(prenominal) as life-threatening beatings, electric car shock, familiar step and rape, trouble m whatsoever labour, go about suffocation etcetera single-foot is considered a encroachment of harming-hearted rights chthonic bind 5 of the UN UDHR which postulates No bi ngle sh just be subjected to paroxysm or to uncouth, stale or degrade manipulation or penalization. A side in which bedevilment draws is Guantanamo verbalize clench tent (GTMO) in Cuba. GTMO is a hold waterment and clench instalment of the united States fit(p) at heart Guantanamo request maritime Base.The deftness was produce by the scrub face to contri take overe detainees from the contend in Afghanistan and later on in Iraq. It is operated by the vocalise labor burden Guantanamo of the united States disposal in Guantanamo utter marine Base, which is on the margin of Guantanamo Bay. A hardly a(prenominal) whirl methods world inflicted upon the detainees of GTMO includes calmness deprivation, beatings, locked in impris iodind heatless cells, cozy infringement and hurt with overturned glass, biting conducting wire and burn cig arttes )Outline the planetary instruments and mechanisms in blank to potful with the encroachment, and s cheme how these mechanisms take been developed on that point ar m all(prenominal) fairnesss in spotlight to spile with nonwithstandingts involving distorted shape and the side by side(p) ar the globalistist treaties and mechanisms that check out standards for the gentle flesh right to be protect from whirl and cruel, rude or degrade interposition. The usual solvent of pitying Rights (UDHR) is a resolve espouse by the join Nations world(a) Assembly. fit in to name 5 of the UDHR which kingdoms that No unmatchable sh either(prenominal) be subjected to wo(e) or to cruel, insensate r debasing handling or penalty torment is a kind-heartedkind rights rape. single-foot is a smash of bind 5 of the UDHR as it is an set of confer unspeakable vexation inflicted on soul to suck up in stoolation. Methods of hurt much(prenominal) as beatings, familiar assault, rat scud, scaphism argon solely cruel, barbarous and degrade discussion wh ich atomic number 18 disallow and ar a conk out of the UDHR. The worldwide arrangement on civic and govern psychical Rights (ICCPR) is a allotment select by the widely distributed Assembly. This pledge elaborates the rulers fit(p) out in the UDHR. wo(e) is a violation of this pr arrangeice as it is tabu beneath expression 7, which tell aparts no champion shall be subjected to torment or to cruel, barbarous or contaminating give-and-take or penalization. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his fire approve to checkup or scientific experimentation. As spin is a design of cruel, untamed or degrade discourse it is classified a ravish of this arrangement. The linked Nations multitude A draw inst pang (UNCAT) and new(prenominal) Cruel, untamed or debasing mental disturbance or punishment is an inter matter human rights instrument, beneath the polish of the united Nations, that aims to hold frustrate well-nigh the world.It is th e chief(prenominal) UN conformity come to with bedevilment. It compromises 33 denomilanded e tells top the rights at bet on and the en troopsment mechanisms. extort is a violation of human rights as the phrase 2 of the conclave extirpates rag and no portentous mass some(prenominal) whitethorn be embossed to unloose dun. deformation cave ines this article as it torment stock- let off go right away even though on that point be police forces vetoing its getrence. The ex gratia communications communications protocol to the form Against twinge (OPCAT) entered into force on 22 June 2006 and is an definitive entree to the UNCAT.The intend of the protocol as postulated in hold 1 is to establish a strategy of symmetric visits undertaken by breakaway supra accede of matteral and peopleal bodies to shoess where pot be disadvantaged of their liberty, in order to keep deformation and some some otherwisewise cruel, rude or degrading int erposition or punishment. distress is a breach of this communications protocol because it occurs at GTMO as the detainees ar tempered unjustly much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as macrocosm disadvantaged of remainder and hurt of redoubted objects. The 3rd geneva Convention, proportional to the discussion of prisoners of resign of ground of fight, is one of the quartet treaties of the geneva Conventions.This gathering defines humanistic safeguard for prisoners of war. The convocation enunciates that prisoners of war ar em office in all share to abide by for their persons and their pureness (clause 14) and moldiness at all propagation be protected, peculiarly against acts of force or bullying and against insults and exoteric end (Article 13). Article 17 specifies that no physical or mental bedevil, nor whatsoever other form of coercion, whitethorn be inflicted on prisoners of war to unattackable from them learning of any kind whatsoever.Pr isoners of war who dis aver to dress whitethorn non be threatened, insulted, or capable to any displeasing or minus treatment of any kind. because wo(e) is a pain in the assful breach of this crowd as it is an act of inflicting cruel cold-blooded pain on prisoners of war to detain information which occurs at GTMO. compensate though there are versatile trans dry landalist instruments and mechanisms in place to barter with pang they are soundless breached which occurs at GTMO. )Analyse the potential of supra earthal rightfulnessfulness in defend the human rights you establish determine planetary policefulness is the body of heavy rules that befool in the midst of crowned head situates which are regarded and recognize passing by the worldwide community. multi adduce of matteralistic impartiality whitethorn be non as stiff in other countries collectible to severalise reign, a province evidences determine and hobby and whether or non tre aties go been sign-language(a) or validate. The shopping center principle of world-wideistic righteousness is sovereignty.This actor that no role is legitimately to a higher place the take. The bows are non stimulate to equal to the supra rural areaal virtue of nature and break it deep down their carry because of state sovereignty. This whitethorn be a contend in which why whirl still exists in the world straightaway as it has non been completely abolished because some states drive non hold to present the immaterial laws dealing with paroxysm indoors their state e. g. UNCAT where some states sport twain write and contributeonical the convention, states bemuse sign but not sign and other states which restrain ot subscribe nor formalize the covenant much(prenominal) as Papua modern Guinea, Angola, Zimbabwe and Iran where rag is know to still occur nowadays. As keen-sighted as state sovereignty applies the country state cannot shoo t any outdoor(a) interference and and so cannot be influenced as to whether the community state should pay the external law into their state or not. This limits supranational law from suitable emotional into the nation state. non every state pass on equalize with the value as they are solely unlike to their own beliefs.It whitethorn be ease up by states to respect positions of power and gain ego by-line. hence it is not apply objectively. For interpreter a state which disapproves of aberration may retain to the multinational laws created to blackball paroxysm whereas a state which single-foot may occur and the drawing card of the state does not necessitate to all in all prohibit torture, entrust not agree to the planetary laws as their goals and set take issue of other states. If the international law does not make headway the nation state in anyway the nation state may not adjudicate to apply that law into their nation state.So this weakens the dev eloping and appliance of international law. The ICCPR is a covenant respecting the cultured and policy-making rights of individuals. This conformity has been sign-language(a) by Cuba all the same it has not been ratify. because the nation state does not endure to entirely keep abreast with the conformity which consequents in torture occurring in Cuba at GTMO and the ICCPR loses its effectivity. This is because no external interference can influence to assent with the accordance and prohibit torture occurring at GTMO. OPCAT is an attachment to UNCAT in which Cuba consecrate however sign or ratified.It is an international recapitulation strategy for places of cargo deck such as GTMO. that since Cuba has not sign(a) nor ratified the protocol OPCAT does not confirm the jurisdiction to natter GTMO. This reduces the effectiveness of the international law assisting to prohibit torture occurring at GTMO. As a result of state sovereignty, a nation states set and int erest and whether or not the nation state has sign and ratified the agreement international is otiose in trim and prohibiting torture in occurring about the world today in such places such as GTMO hardened in Cuba.

Black People and James Baldwin Essay

In Toni Morrisons Recitatif, the fable is rough 2 girls, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphanage because their female parents could non vex for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls suffer from different ethnical backgrounds save never states which one is stern or gaberdine. At one orchestrate in the news report Twyla comments, We looked like coarseness and pepper. I grew frustrated with the twaddle and had to take on it several(prenominal) dates. I could never discipline who was barren and blanched and the lesson I well-read should scram been it doesnt unfeignedly matter.The story begins with Twylas m a nonher(prenominal)(a) dropping her pip at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they beget best friends. The alignment they share occurs because they were non considered real orphans. They were prone kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the coating successions the girls lift up all(prenominal) other was the day of a run. On that night, Twylas make was wearing those tight leafy vegetable slacks that make her besidest stick with out. M each tribe have labe take dumbs as having biggish butts.She could have been black, she could have been a loaded down(p) albumin fair sexhood with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. however I mechanically classd and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Robertas mother had brought xanthous legs. Twyla nonices Roberta does non rust the yellow(a) legs. I al federal agencys estimate black pile liked chicken more than albumin people which heart and soul Roberta was white since she did non eat the chicken. Or maybe she salutary wasnt hungry. dead after that visitation Robertas mother came to take her home, divergence the girls devastated.They see apiece other several times passim the years. At their beginning meeting, Roberta was rude and removed because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to s ee Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrixs band was mixed with a different audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so wherefore would I think Roberta is. xii years subsequent they meet once more at a grocery store.Roberta wed a easy man and was exceedingly friendly to Twyla. Twyla nominatenot go along back her emotions and asks Roberta slightly the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days blackwhite. You know how everything was. I can assort to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came everywhere bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was born here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treat me as if I entirely come over on the boats. It had a pertinacious effect on me and matured me beyond my years.The third time they meet is at the school where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not sine qua non their kids to be segregated. This led to a repugn severing any last obtain of a experience for them as it would not be indomitable until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The drumhead of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It unfastened my eyes and make me question how bias I in truth am.I leaven to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can understand why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her oddment was overall but to me it seemed as if she were principle me somewhat prejudices. Recitatif challenged me to not judge either girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls races? The story is about how their friendship develops and accordingly deteriorates. Nothing m ore nothing less.

Deciding to decide review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deciding to decide review - Essay ExampleJustification of petitions at the Supreme courtroom must meet clearly outlined criteria. This is the only way that a case on certiorari will be deemed acceptable at the Supreme coquet. In the event that the Supreme Court does not necessarily have to be involved, then higher courts more or less apply the same process in justifying the certworthiness of certiorari cases. gibe to Perry (1991), a case on certiorari is said to be certworthy if it meets the circuit conflict, importance, and egregiousness criteria for cert.Certiorari cases capture the attention of the higher courts, and especially the Supreme Court, if they exhibit minute circuit conflicts. The availability of a circuit conflict does not automatically justify certworthiness. Higher courts or the Supreme Court for that matter has its evaluative measures that restrict the criticality of the conflict, subsequently informing whether or not cert. is granted. Conflicts within and acro ss circuits may or may not be deemed necessary for consideration by the higher courts. However, the defense process is clearly outlined so that an ultimate decision is reached from the facts, issues, concerns, or conflicts presented on the table.The importance of the certiorari case is another justification factor considered in the process of determining the certworthiness of the case. A cases uniqueness, political and societal importance, and legal importance of a petition (Perry, 1991) are the essential factors that inform the importance of a certiorari case. Here, the implications of the petition are prioritized. Notably, the depth of the matter may not count as much. The political, societal, and legal factors subject to a certiorari case make all the difference.The process of determining the certworthiness of a certiorari case is undoubtedly intensive and extensive. What matters to the higher courts or the Supreme Court in particular are the three

Proposal assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposal assignment - Essay ExampleThe Arctic Ocean is covered with ice and is surrounded by treeless permafrost. The sea ice in the arctic has declined very much in recent years. The recording of extent of ice in arctic began in 1953. Since then, the extent of the summer sea ice has been declining. The extent of ice was the lowest in 2007, the second lowest in 2008, and the third lowest in 2010. Currently, the bamboozle cover in the Arctic is present for about 200 days per year. A decrease in the duration of the snow season results in change magnitude warming. Between 1970 and 2000, there was a decrease in duration of the snow season by approximately 2.5 days per decade. From the commercial point of view, it is a radical opportunity as exploration of the arctic has become easy now. Estimates show that Arctic can contain about 20 per cent of worlds reserves of hydrocarbons. near of these resources happen to be in the Russian part of the arctic. New trade routes linking the Atlan tic and the Pacific via arctic instead of Panama Canal has become a possibility now. So, there began a geopolitical competition in the region to gain control over transport routes and natural resources. All these have increase the strategic importance of arctic region. Countries bordering arctic are also in the process of preparing territorial claims for submission to the Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf. Russia claims a pear-shaped portion of arctic. The Arctic is highly vulnerable to the effects of global warming. There is greater warming in the Arctic than global average. Because of this, there are concerns that the thawing of ice in Arctic could result in rise in sea levels. The current Arctic ice melt might also gallop to Arctic methane release. Large amount of methane is stored in the permafrost. Methane is a greenhouse gas and is more dangerous than carbon dioxide. Scientists are not sure whether this is natural pedal or manmade. Apart from concerns regarding the negative impact of warming in the Arctic, some potential opportunities have come up. Since the middle ages, worlds maritime powers looked for a shorter route between Atlantic and Asia. The melting of ice opens up the possibility of two trans arctic routes- The Northern ocean route and the Northwest passage. The new routes testament reduce distances between Europe and Asia. It will also provide strategic alternatives to other countries such as Japan. At present Japan is dependent on the Strait of Malacca for transporting energy. The Northern Sea route (North East Passage) is along Russias northern border from Murmansk to Provideniya. It is about 2600 nautical miles in length. The Northern Sea Route, the shortest fare lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, links European Russia with Russias Far East. The Northern Sea Route over Eurasia is important since it shortens shipping routes between northern Europe and north-east Asia by 40 per cent .The Northwest Passage is t hrough Canadian arctic islands. It consists of several potential routes. The US Geological Survey report of 2008 says that the extensive arctic continental shelf may constitute the geographically largest unexplored prospective area for petroleum remain on earth. It estimates 90 billion barrels of oil and 1700trillion cubic feet of natural gas remain to be discovered. Such reports have led to recent worldwide debates as to

Healthy Eating Messages and Children Nutrition (Case Study) Essay

Healthy Eating Messages and Children Nutrition (Case Study) - Essay ExampleAs Gorn et al. (1982, 200) found television advertising for baberen is developed from direct testing and observation of the child auditory sense Children are subjected to research techniques developed for the study of child psychology to determine the most effective way of inducing their counterparts in the nationwide audience to demand advertised products. Under this intensive observation, the advertising addressed to children manages to achieve the target set by the multinational corporations, i.e. the cultivation of specific nutritional preferences to children of any ages in accordance with the production line of these firms.In the same context, Smitt et al. (2007, 57) stated that the issues of food advertisements, especially aimed at children, and food labeling are factors behind the obesity epidemic which need to be tackled while commercial communication increases consumer information however, the prom otion of unhealthy foods negatively impacts the health of the population and for this reason actions need to be interpreted to protect children from commercial activity in this field. The above assumptions are in accordance with the findings of WHO in 2003 which indicate that dietary adjustments may not hardly influence present health, but may determine whether or not an individual will develop such diseases as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes oft later in life (WHO, 2003, 2). In fact it has been found that wrong nutritional habits can lead to severe consequences for the health not only in adults but also in children. More specifically, a research made by the World Health Organization in 2003 showed that higher blood pull in childhood (in combination with other risk factors) causes target organ and anatomical changes that are associated with cardiovascular risk, including reduction in artery elasticity, increased ventricular size and mass, haemodynamic increase in

Is Bullying a Contributing Factor to Teenage Eating Disorders Essay

Is Bullying a Contributing Factor to Teenage Eating Disorders - Essay ExampleThe take in disorders like bulimia and anorexia whitethorn develop as a result of bullying. Bullying instils feelings of insecurity and low self esteem as they try to line up to what is considered acceptable by people around them. This paper investigates whether bullying contributes to eating disorders among the teenagers. The paper comprises of four sections. The introduction section gives the background and definition of key basis relating to the topic. The second part is the literature review. The author has reviewed the comparative figures, impact of the bullying disorders and bullying, and complexity of eating disorders and public health issues. Section three reviews bullying in UK the trends, statistics, current research and preventive measures, while section four is the conclusion. Bullying entails the use of threat, force or coercion that aggressively imposes domination on others repeatedly. This whitethorn involve physical assault, emotional, cyber or verbal harassment based on differences in class, religion, race, sex, reputation, or appearance among others. On the other hand, eating disorder entails the deviate eating habits characterized by excessive or insufficient intake of food to the detriment of mental or physical health of an individual (Nelson 2008, p. 32). Teenagers live in a world characterized by a lot of pressure to conform to the perspective of the society on ideal weight. When combined with other factors in life, this may set a background for the eating disorders. This threatens the ability to learn as well as affect their physical health (Harris et al. 2004, p. 24). According to the British press, well-nigh of the teenagers diagnosed of eating disorders reported that bullying contributed significantly to the problem. Most teenagers develop eating disorders because of many reasons. Mostly, pressure from the outside sources forms one of the contributing fac tors.

SIM 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SIM 9 - Essay ExampleThey made a passage from the roof and lowered the bed on which the paralytic man stupefy Jesus saw faith and healed and forgave the mans sins. He said, Son, your sins are forgiven.1 This passage continues to narrate the deeds of Christ. The importance and significance of this passage is that it encourages mint to have faith and teaches as that Jesus as the son of God forgives sins. It also tells that they some who believed in preaching and others who were there just to criticize what he taught. The teachers of the law thought that what Jesus did was blaspheming. They said the only one who had the authority to forgive sin was God alone.2This passage emphasizes on the importance of faith in our lives. In a personal context, this Mark chapter 2 in the bible teaches me that faith without action is dead. In the passage, I am reminded that it is important to act on my faith as the men carrying the paralyzed man. Their faith healed the paralyzed man.3 So if I act on m y faith and believe in Jesus, my sins willing be forgiven. Lastly, it states that the son of god (Jesus) can forgive sins. Therefore, I must believe and trust in him. In my church, I can remind my friend worshippers of the importance of believing in Jesus miracles and trusting in him. I can urge them not to be like the teachers of the law who criticized Jesus, but, live concord to his rules and footsteps so as they their souls can be healed as well as their sins to be

Personal Financial Plan - Part IV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Financial Plan - Part IV - Essay ExampleActing in an ethical manner is cardinal when dealing with investments. An example of an unethical and illegal act in the investment world is insider trading. Insider trading occurs when a person receives privileged information and uses that information to educe an advantage in the stock market (Teweles, Bradley, Teweles, 1992).Investing has risk and rewards. Investments that have higher risk also have higher reward. Risk adverse investors forfend risk and argon satisfied with a small return on investment. Opportunity cost refers to the opportunity forgone when choosing a decision. For example a person that plant life as a hot dog vendor has the opportunity cost of the amount of money he could make working for the private industry. Savings and investments are impacted by the time value of money. The time value of money is a concept that quantifies the depreciation of money everyplace time. Money loses value over time due to inflati on. The present value of $1000 at a 4% rate after ten years is

IPAD VS TABLET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IPAD VS TABLET - Essay ExampleThis product has the best Ios application stick in which facilitates wider selection (Stantons). IPad as compared to its competitors has continued to improve its products coming up with varieties. These generational have additional improvement and tweaks enabling it to being the best tablet. The existing and the likely consumers always expect new and additional features on the IPad thus attributing to consolidated customer base and loyalty (Weinstein 62). The following are the key notable features which remove IPad more distinct and better placed in the market with other competing products. Retina display IPad has a beautiful and large display thus making the exploiter to have a better experience as compared with the display of other similar competing products (iPad). The IPad Retina display feature has remarkable resolution of 2048 by 1536 which is further heighten by rich colour saturation and 3.1 million pixels. The pixels are a number of times m ore than other competing products scrambling for the same market. The IPad pixels are very close-fitting together thus enabling the viewer to be able to have a total different view of the photos, articles images and enabled record of HD video in sound as well as the improved new Face Time HD camera. Improved device performance IPad have new generational products which are considered some powerful by its customers. It has a high speed delivery performance in both the CPU and its graphics performance (iPad). This makes IPad firmer and more responsive compared with other competing products (Stantons). IPad applications launch faster and they run smoothly, making it cool is the graphics-intensive games which are lifelike enhanced by the gorgeous Retina display. Also in built is the fast and improved image signal process which makes IPad camera sharper and a more clear display compared to other products. Built-in applications The IPad users find it more uncanny in using IPad applic ations as compared to other products. These applications are characterized with new adventures with easy performance of many tasks. IPad has more than 275000 apps from its apps store which are beautiful and immersive which have been intentional to perform various tasks. This enhances performance of the many tasks on a single device and this is impossible in other devices. With these characteristics and attributes IPad has become a notable competitory product in its market and admired by its existing and potential customers. Market Segment Description Apple Company has constantly added more features and specifications on its major product iPad in order to appeal more prospective buyers. With the above mention key important features and characteristics this product is better position for the uttermost in the underlying market segments (Weinstein 108). The iPad mainly targets individual customers who want to perform tasks without being dependent on the keyboards. The target market s egment for Apples iPad is majorly businessmen and professionals who need portable, accessible and easy to operate devices for the various tasks. Another key market segment is that of the young customers comprising mainly of the students, this is attributed by the trendy and advanced(a) features and iPad design with variety of selections (Pickton 78). It is also notable that the market segment of the older people is emerging. This diversification of the market segment resulted into iPad gaining popularity and has become widely accepted in the global

Why i want to go to University of Miami Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why i want to go to University of Miami - Essay ExampleA fit way of combining both theoretical and practical approaches of education makes a big difference between University of Miami and other universities. And since the major I choose is employment analysis, this combined method of education is very important for me to obtain my specialty properly and on a high level. The reason of this is quite obvious creation a good business analytic requires to practice a lot with a huge massive of data, but to be able to process the tuition you need to know how to do it, to be theoretically versed. I believe that University of Miami can give me an opportunity to acquire all the indispensable knowledge to generate a real professional in my chosen realm. Also, which is very important in studying process, the professors of the university are excellent professionals and I had a chance to checker this while studying in the university. The university hires ones of the best, so its not strange that its alumni occupy high positions in best companies worldwide. In addition, as for a unlike student, it is quite important fact for me that the university accepts a lot of foreign students into studying process I consider this as a great opportunity to try international contacts with future professionals in economics, which might be useful in my further career.During my undergraduate program in University of Miami in the summer of 2012 I secure in Guo sen Securities, a Chinese state-owned investment bank headquartered in Shenzhen. Analyzing a lot of financial documents I realized that the knowledge I had acquired in university were very much very useful for me to handle with all the responsibilities I had within the scopes of the internship. In the university I learned how to estimate and prevent financial risks, make capital budgets, fortify lasting conceptual frameworks, and analyze future ideas in the financial arena. I saw, that my knowledge and skills were in a high le vel for an intern, so Im

Promotional Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promotional Strategies - Essay ExamplePromotion of a product involves the achievement of two objectives, and that is to provide information of the product to the targeted market, and to effectively persuade the targeted market into purchasing the product. Advertising is extremely useful in reaching any message define to any targeted market, while its relative impact on persuading the targeted market into purchase is low. Yet, it does both, and this is true for any product and in any sector of industry devising it the effective form of promotion for all products.The primary advantage of advertising is that it is the least expensive in terms of per individual cost and less conviction consuming in spreading consumer behavior oriented information on a product to any target market, when compared to personal selling. Such messages can be got across to the targeted markets through different forms of media and the Internet degradedly, and at much lower costs than what it would take a te am of sales representatives to achieve. The advent of the Internet has provided a means for advertisement at even lower costs than conventional advertisements through print and television media (1). Words and images used in advertisements can populace consumer positive reactions in wide target markets, even spread across the globe at a relatively low cost, and in very quick time (2).The disadvantage of advertising lies in the impact that it can create in the target market. Therefore deliberate planning must go into the creation of an advertisement, with extreme care being taken in the words and images used. An advertisement is like an arrow. Once it is let loose it cannot be called back, and if the message it carries creates negative feelings of both the product or the business enterprise involved in it the consequences will be disastrous. This is particularly true when products are marketed globally, and advertisements used for their promotion. Care has to be taken see

Compare two modules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Compare two modules - Essay ExampleAfter this there is a theoretical introduction to the concept of work in sociology, and then of emotion. There follows a broad examination of emotion at work, and then a more focused examination of gendered emotion at work. eventually there is a concluding summary of the ways that emotion and work link together, in theory and in practice, and how this relates to the all-pervasive concept of power in society. fragment 1. Power and its conceptualisation. The study of human society invariably involves some consideration of theories of power, whether large scale, longstanding and overarching power such as that of patriarchy or little scale power as it operates between two individuals. Sociologists study how power operates in a range of situations from domestic, work and political spheres to any context where populate interact with each other, since in a very general sense, it can be said that all social relationships are power relationships (Crossle y, 2005, p. 215) We all stoop each other at a personal level, and are tied up in a network of connections where power flows back and forth in fluctuating ways. Power permeates through society in many different ways, and not only through individual actions. ... Some power is inherited at birth through variables such as gender, race, class or culture and this is very often a hidden type of power, especially to those who wield it themselves. unrivaled of the most convincing conceptualisations of power is that of Foucault who writes about technologies of power which discipline and shape people in overt ways, but also in subtle ways, as for example when people internalise certain rules and practices, and adhere unthinkingly to a oeuvre norm. This hegemonic approach is highly relevant to the administrative systems that pervade the world of work, property people in order and ensuring that the goals of the organisation (or state, in the case of public servants) are constantly being adva nced. Section 2. Work Human beings operate in society using physical, cognitive and emotional skills and the interplay of these skills within the power structures of their environment and with other human beings is a fruitful knowledge domain of contemporary research. In the area of work there is in modern times an over-emphasis on rational, cognitive types of behaviour and an under-emphasis on emotion. Above all the workplace seeks to engender conformity on its workers, so that specific tasks can be completed efficiently and fast. The more smoothly workers submit to the dominant norms of the workplace, the more profits can be garner in by the organisation. Goffman (1967) explains the harmony that generally exists between people in terms of concepts like deference and avoidance of shame or stigma. No workplace can ever monitor its workers 100% of the time, and yet by and large people interact productively and in tune with the needs of the organisation common conformity and respec t lead to pride and fellow

Investigating Foreign Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investigating Foreign Market - Essay ExampleIn this regard the paper tends to adjudicate the potential market for cheese and cheese products in genus genus Argentina produced by an Australian firm Nivedo. Political Factors in Argentina The political factors in Argentina have largely improved from the previous periods that have helped bring about a regulatory climate helping in the growth of moed nutrition products market in the region. In fact it is instal that the market for the imported products pertaining to dairy commodities like cheese has largely grown up in the region. The tariffs relating to import duty have largely been reduced to help in the expansion of the market for imported cheese products. It is held that in the coming years the region of Argentina would gradually turn out to be a growing market for take out products in comparison to the international market. The markets pertaining to the Latin American countries are held to go away potential zones for the produc ts derived from milk as consumption for such is found to have increased by around 15 percent within a thwart of six years ranging from 2000 to 2006. thereof the political climate of Argentina is held to encourage the rise of import for milk products (Organization for stinting Co-operation and Development, 2002, p.95-96). Economic Factors in Argentina Economic factors in Argentina reflected a rapid decline in the production of milk due to the rise of economic recession in the region. The production of milk in the region is found to have reduced by around 4 percent during the 2002 period. Rise of recessionary climate in the region had direct to the closure of many small and big firms producing dairy products and then the demand for the milk products in the Argentinean customers failed to get met. The dairy farming activities suffered a huge reversion as it gradually became converted into a subsistence type of economy. The large dairy companies started closing down on account of t he rising operational cost pertaining to such. Thus in order to largely meet the needs of the consumers the dairy products like cheese and others had to be largely imported from other countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2002, p.95-96). Thus it is found that the economic factors in the region can be viewed as a trigger that would help in the growth of demand for Australian cheese products. Socio-Cultural Factors in Argentina The socio-cultural factors in Argentina, a Latin American country are viewed to enhance the demand for the dairy products like cheese. With the rise and development in the utter of living for the people the population belonging to Argentina started demanding more innovative foods that would help in meeting their appetites and flavors. Moreover the development of farming activities carried out in the region on a large scale also happens to escalate the demand for dairy food products. The people living in Argentina thus tend to largel y demand innovative products imported from westernized countries to satisfy their desires in an increasing manner. Further the people are also attracted by advertisements made in regards to cheese and cheese products through televisions and internet and thereby tend to purchase such products in an increased manner (Roest, 2000, p.257). Legal Factors in Argentina In terms of legal factors the production and marketing of cheese and cheese

Environmental Forces Affecting B&Q In The UK Essay

Environmental Forces Affecting B&Q In The UK - Essay ExampleCurrent paper focuses on the surgical process of a major competitor of UKs home improvement retail industry B&Q. The cross scheme has achieved to acquire a large divide of the particular market, as analyzed below. Still, concerns exist in regard to the degenerates ability to keep its profitability high in the long name. The firms macro purlieu has been reviewed and evaluated using an appropriate strategic management tool, the PESTEL abstract. At the same time, an internal micro analysis has taken place for checking the potentials of the organization to manage risks related to its daily operations and to stabilize its profitability. It has been made clear that the power of B&Q to achieve a long term growth cannot be guaranteed, especially since the UK economy is not stabilized. A strategy is proposed for helping the organization to face the external forces related to the particular market and to respond to the needs o f its changing environment.In order to understand the environmental forces that affect B&Q it would be necessary to understand the characteristics of these forces, as they are related to the operations of the particular organization. In general, the term macro-environment is used for describing a firms external forces and agencies (Reynolds and Lancaste 2012, p.32). The most popular strategic tool for evaluating a firms macro environment is PESTEL analysis (Cunningham and Harney 2012). ... The most popular strategic tool for evaluating a firms macro environment is PESTEL analysis (Cunningham and Harney 2012). When using PESTEL analysis for explaining a firms macro environment it should be necessary to take into consideration the following fact not all parts of this framework will equally warp the relationship between the firm and its external environment (Cunningham and Harney 2012). Reference can be made to the following example for pharmaceutical firms patents will have a key im portance for measuring these firms potentials to face their external forces (Cunningham and Harney 2012). In the case of firms operating in the services industry emphasis should be given on demographics, as a factor that will influence the relationship between these firms and their external environment (Cunningham and Harney 2012). The PESTEL analysis refers to the macro environment of organizations. It should be noted that the particular framework helps to identify the factors that affect the whole economy and not only a particular organization (Bowhill 2008, p.331). In the context of the PESTEL analysis the macro environment of B&Q could be analyzed as follows a) Political the political environment of UK is quite stable. The current government has tried to enhance the stability of the economy by keeping inflation low, at least compared to other countries (Wood 2011). It should be noted that no threats seem to exist for potential turbulences in the UK political sector (Wood 2011). As a result, B&Q would not be threatened by the specific element, i.e. the political framework, of its macro environment. Still, the challenges that the

Age Factor in Learning a Secnd Language ( The Critical Period Research Paper

Age Factor in Learning a Secnd Language ( The Critical Period Hypothesis) - Research Paper ExampleThe paper in any case includes a detailed section which analyses the findings and presents a fair view of the scenario and the issues that dominate this particular branch of linguistic research.Adults ar run intoed to exceed in virtually every case of learning, on account of the presence of highly developed cognitive skills, as compared to children. However, with regard to language learning, children seem to have a better edge. There are innumerable instances where children have been able to learn a second language faster than adults and achieve native-like expertise, while in case of adults such a competency is rarely observed. It is on account of this very reason that issue regarding the existence of a certain sensitive / critical period of learning exists among individuals which fosters language development. Researchers and donnish scholars as well as general observers have noted that children up to a certain age, have a better grasp of learning languages some(prenominal) native as well as foreign / second language, than their adult counterparts. During this period their language learning skills are heightened and once this period lapses, their skills begin to fade, and acquiring native-like proficiency in language learning becomes all the more difficult, beyond a certain age.However there are several criticisms and contradictory views offered by others. In response to the critical period for language learning, certain researchers have opposed the hypothesis, stating that native-like skills can be found in certain adult learners with regard to second language. Yet another group of researchers have stated that over and above the critical period of language learning, there are other factors which also play an important role in learning a language a second language. These include sociological, psychological as well as physiologic factors.This paper analyzes , explores and investigates

Women and Mothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and M differents - Essay Examplehis depicts beats role as key advisors in their respective families, mostly comprised of instructing children on varied aspects that pertain to both moral and unearthly conduct. Therefore, it was the mandate of Carolingian women to instill both spiritual and societal morals among their children via emphasizing on the essence of Gods reverence in their lives.In Carolingian family, mothers key role encompassed instructing children according to scriptural precepts. This was to ensure they embraced pious life while still unexampled besides attaining other essential societal morals meant to help them succeed in their entire lives. Hence, ensure societal harmony and decency (Dhuoda 10). The entire book comprises almost of one persona, which is the mother who goes to the extent of elaborating what she says to her son. This is to ensure while William is young, understands well everything regarding earthly life besides benefits attached to being humble , respecting, obedient and Godly (Dhuoda 22). For instance, Dhuoda instructs William saying,If you love God with all your philia and study carefully the volumes of His scriptures in the Old and New Testaments, and if you do this reading with appropriate concentration, then the spirit of wisdom will come to rest upon you1.In addition, besides mothers instructing young ones to embrace piety, they emphasized the essence of children respecting their fathers (Dhuoda 22). This is via using examples from the Holy Scriptures that feature varied old patriarchs or saints who choose the same path and became successful, for instance, Isaac (Dhuoda 24). However, emphasis for mothers respect is not as per fathers in the entire book but calls for parents general obedience by their children. Hence, confirming the mothers role of instilling morals among their young children. This is also noticeable in the entire book, whereby there is no fathers intervention either in suggesting or indulging thems elves with close

Utopian Societies Essay Example for Free

Utopian Societies EssayUtopian societies are in constant struggle to find god in everyday life. In Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451 and The servants Tale, each protagonist is struggling with fitting into these boundaries of perfection. When inquisitive minds emerge in a society that strives to be so pure, it can expire dangerous not only physically but also emotionally. Although these societies strive for a utopia thinking that it allow for allow them to reach perfection, it in fact ends in hypocrisy. untruth is seen in both Fahrenheit 451 and The Handmaids Tale through Captain Beatty and the power of books, the government taking Offreds young lady, and both societies basing their beliefs off of fiction. In Fahrenheit 451 Captain Beatty, a leader and someone to whom the firefighters look up to, has read and made up his own mind slightly books but exit not allow anyone else to read the books which he knows hold so much power. By denying the people to read the books that he him self has read, Beatty is the epitome of a hypocrite. When speaking about the books it is obvious that Beatty understands the great power these books yield, but he refuses to let that power out. This is hypocritical because Beatty tells Montag that the books say nothing You can teach or believe (Bradbury 59) and stock-still he still believes that these books have to have enough power that the world must be relieve of them. Although Beatty preaches the uselessness of books, he has dedicated his life to impatient them all, an admittance in itself that the books hold enough power to change the ideals of the society in which they live.In The Handmaids Tale Offred is accused of being an unfit (Atwood 39) mother for her daughter because of her past. Offred met her husband through being his mistress, but waited until marriage to have a child. The government uses their affair against them, convincing Offred that because the bible says that adultery is a sin that she is not fit to be a mot her. To make-up for her affair and illegitimate child, the government gives Offred a choice between being a Handmaid or an un-woman and chooses to become a handmaid. Her duties as a Handmaid, however, are to repeat the same sin that plagued her with this destiny. The hypocrisy surrounding this society and Offreds role in it is that to dissolve yourself of sins, you must bread and butter repeating them. This kind of adultery is seen as righteous because this society bases their beliefs off of the Bible, which, in the story of Rachel and Jacob, deems an affair for the purposes of child bearing as necessary. Through allowing Offred to rid herself of her sins by sleeping with married men, the government is a hypocrisy that uses the Bible to justify their cause.In both novels, each society is based off of myths that cannot be proved or seen. In Fahrenheit 451, Bradburys society follows a strict code of the phoenix it must all burn to ashes before it can be reborn again. Taking this lite rally, the society decides that books must be the rebirth of the society, burning all books (Bradbury 57). The only problem with this is that the Phoenix is based off of mythology, only existing in fiction. Bradburys society is striving to reach a new mythical beginning, setting themselves up for disaster.Likewise, in Atwoods utopian society, their new rules and regulations are based off of the Bible, a book of stories that cannot be proved as non-fiction and are more fantasy than realistic. Many of the stories and rules of the Bible are out dated. The society picks and chooses what rules and commandments they want to follow, reverting themselves blanket to a lesser m. By basing their societies off of myth, both Bradbury and Atwood depict men and women who are constantly influenced by hypocrisy. They are forced to believe blindly that these myths will lead them into safety and a better future. Each society comes with a promise of better times, but by basing it off of mythology the y are striving for perfection which can only lead them down the road of disaster.In both Bradbury and Atwoods utopian societies, the government strives for perfection by changing the standards that their people live by. Although their is freak and questioning in the means of these changes, it is ultimately at the blame of the people of the societies themselves. In Fahrenheit 451, the minorities (Bradbury 57) are the ones who begin the banning of the books, but because their are so many minorities, every book must go. Likewise in The Handmaids Tale, the men of the society agree to the changes which affect everyone, reverting their society back to a time where there was no technology or developments. By leading the change of the societies, the people are the only ones to blame for their societys hypocrisy and ultimate downfall.CitationsAtwood, Margaret. The Handmaids Tale. New York Anchor, 1986. Print.Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York Simon Schuster Paperbacks, 1951. Print.

Uniform accounting standards produce Essay Example for Free

Uniform accounting standards produce EssayIn the come through decade, various countries around the globe have shifted towards a furnish accounting standards or the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The main motive behind this endeavor is to come up with a global language for accounting which forget be comparable and understandable beyond the borders of a nation. As of today around 120 countries require IFRS for domestically listed companies, although plainly about 90 countries have fully conformed to IFRS . While some argue that it is necessary to have a musical arrangement of accounting that is clear and transparent to global investors and companies, some opposites are skeptic about it being effectual. Furthermore, some feel that the represents of implementing IFRS tooshie be in like manner high and hence consistent accounting will not be worth the cost. Hence, critically analyzing IFRS and understanding its conflict on accounting principles will booster us to recognize the costs and benefits of this strategy. One of the main objectives of IFRS is to cast up the efficiency and transparency in accounting. However, the main tension in the model rests due to the non- uniform nature of firms as well as nations. For instance, countries differ on myriad ways such as capital and labor markets, nature of political relation, involvement of government in the company and so forth. Similarly, firms differ from each other in various ways including size, growth, types of products, geographical location and technological advancement . Therefore, coming up with a detailed accounting system or a set of principles to fit all of these can be challenging. Thus, IFRS uses a principle based system, rather than a rule based system which will allow the companies to apply IFRS according to their situation and prepare their directions.However, this flexibility can itself be seen as a big down- side of this system. This will provide a way for co mpanies to manipulate the statements which in turn can encourage fraud. Trancy Coenen comparing the fraud under the system of GAAP and IFRS says that, As IFRS is largely based on judgment in applying principles, it only stands to reason that the risk of fraud in the pecuniary statements will increase with the change . For example, Fair Value judgment is one of the corner stones of IFRS system of accounting. However, it is unclear as to who gets to value things and how can these figures checked for reliability. Thus, IFRS, which is created to form a uniform and transparent system of accounting can itself lead to non-uniform accounting practices with very little information about who makes the judgment behind numbers presented inthe financial statements. Furthermore, another crucial concern that rises with the implementation of IFRS is the balance between the capital allocation benefit of a uniform accounting standard against the social cost of forcing diverse firms to adhere to the same rigid standard says Korok Ray, a professor of Economics from George Washington University . Hence, for a small company the cost of shifting from its true accounting practice to IFRS might be too high whereas for a big company it might be small. Furthermore, the time in which all the companies will have to shift from their old system to IFRS can decrease the quality of the financial statements. Lack of experience in this new system of accounting can also increase mistakes making the system less accurate .Nevertheless, it is undeniable that in an increasingly more globalized world, a cross-border accounting system will vastly benefit firms and investors. This system will lead to investment comparisons between various countries, making investors better off. In fact, Marc Fogarty, a Certified Public Accountant says that the single(a) set of standards will cut down the costs to which foreign companies investing in the U.S. markets will have to adhere. He also believes that, the U .S. GAAP standards along with other strict accounting regulations have long been deterrent to foreign companies trying to raise money in the U.S. capital markets . Small investors will be benefited from this change, as they will have an access to more financial information which can be easily understood. In short, implementing IFRS will lead to easy to understand, clear and efficient financial data which will be made available to the general public. Just the implementation of IFRS does not mean investors are protected against fraud or misrepresentation of a companys financial statement. In addition, IFRS also has numerous short term problems that can have a huge impact on its initial adaption and implementation. However, companys and investors can protect themselves against risks by learning IFRS which will increase their understanding of the financial statement. This will not only help them to critically analyze the numbers represented on the statement but also help them to better compare and contrast one statement from the other nationally or internationally.

Binge Eating Disorder Essay Example for Free

Binge take Disorder EssayFor centuries, many psychological pains had plagued mankind. Humanity has suffered from many psychological ailments such as concern affections, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and many more. One kind of disorder that rose in numbers in the twenty-first century be consume disorders. Eating disorders suffer be categorized into three types. Theses be anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and gourmandize alimentation disorder. Of the three types of eating disorder, fill eating disorder is more decomposable when it comes to its symptoms and manifestations.To further understand binge eating disorder, we must first understand what are eating disorders and what factors can affect people who manifest these kinds of disorder. Eating disorders are disorders of eating habits of individuals. According to social-cultural theorist, most eating disorders usually are common in cultures where the thinness of the body is considered attractive and mor e acceptable (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). The factors that affect eating disorders can range from a persons culture, environment, his/her family background, genealogy and biological factors.In the three kinds of eating disorder, anorexia nervosa is a disorder where one refuses to eat to be germinate fat. A common coif of anorexic patients is to purge their food when they felt that they had taken a lot of it (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). The disorder is deadly and can kill roughly 15 percent of its victims (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). If anorexia nervosa is self-starvation, bulimia nervosa is binging or eating excessively then purging it through various methods. Now, we focus on binge eating disorder. If the cardinal other eating disorders goal is to keep their body thin and slim.Binge eating disorder is making the body fatter and overweight. The common practice of people with binge eating disorder is eating excessively when they feel anxious about something. They will eat out and eat as oft fo od as they can even if they are not hungry. It sort of becoming their initial reaction to a stressor and becomes a habit (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). The rangy discrepancy in binge eating disorder than bulimia is that binge eating disorder victims dont purge (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). They dont engage in behaviors that will cause them to vomit.Binge sessions of victims are usually habitual and episodic. This federal agency they engage in binging in a particular time. Studies have shown that people who are obese and over weight are common people with binge eating disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006).. A study showed that 30 percent of people who bear weight loss programs are actually having binge eating disorder. The peculiarity of this disorder is that even though this disorder is making the people un healthy and obese, psychologist and health professionals think that having a binge eating disorder is better than having anorexia or bulimia.Usually African Americans are more affected by this disorder than European Americans (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). Similar to anorexia and bulimia, binge eating disorder is more common to females (Bierma, 1999). The disorder is associated with many disorders namely depression and anxiety (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). People who have binge eating disorder have low self-esteem and want to eliminate their binging. They feel sickened by the thought of being fat and usually tries to undergo weight-loss programs and frequent tries in dieting. The problem is they cant stop binging until they sought help from the professional.Binge eating disorder as of today is still not counted as a formal eating disorder in DSM-IV by psychologists (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). This is due to the fact that psychologists think more studies should be done to support and sanction the diagnostic of this disorder. The binge eating disorder can be found on the appendix of the DSM-IV for further study (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). There are many causes why people get binge eating disord er. umpteen psychologists can attribute that the rise in eating disorders in our time is mainly due to our social norms (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006).To further condone binge eating disorder, the factors that triggers this kind of behavior is needed to be understood. The most important fact we must know is that our society today has social pressures and norms. Many cultures put pressure to women to be slim and thin. There are cultural differences throughout the world. In places and time where wealthy people value heavier weight as more beautiful, eating disorder become less wantly in the population. People in less developed countries view people with heaviness as beautiful because it shows that the person can afford to buy food and is wealthy (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006).In America, the rise of fashion magazines that embraces beauty as something slim and skinny in the 90s made many American teens more prone to become anorexic. The icons of beauty in a specific era also can predict the trends in eating behaviors in women. The cultural norms of attractiveness also affect people who can get eating disorder like binge eating (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). If a person sees that becoming fat and gaining weight can help him achieve his desired level of attractiveness, he will try to eat more in order to gain weight. other deadly cause of binge eating disorder is that people who suffer from it view food as a way of coping to their negative emotions. In some cases, sexual abuse in the past can also trigger binge eating disorder because it raises the anxiety level of the person (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). The cognitive reasoning of an individual also affects the development of binge eating disorder. As we discussed, binge eating disorder is an impulsive behavior. The victims usally act before thinking. This kind of impulse is hard to control and is hard to regulate on its own.Biologically, people who suffer from binge eating disorder might have predisposition to depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). Depression usually triggers the binge eating session and makes victims more susceptible to binge just to feel neat again. Findings also show that irregularity in the hypothalamus in the brain could be a cause of binge eating disorder and other types of eating disorder (Lyness, 2006). Hypothalamus regulates our eating habit and feeling of hunger (Lyness, 2006). This part of the brain is where our body sends a signal if a certain nutrient is insufficient or excessive.Another part of the brain which acts as relay centers of the message our body gives to the brain are neurotransmitters. Serotonin which is an important in cases of depression and anxiety plays a big role in eating disorders. Patterns of binging behaviors can stem from irregularities in serotonin (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). Lastly, obesity which is found in most binge eaters is found in the genes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2006). This means that people are sometimes predisposed to be obese thus making them eat more. Binge eating disorder has many health consequences like gallbladder disorder, high blood pressure, diabetes etc (Unknown, 2005).

Research Critique of Quantitative Research on Nursing Practice

Research Critique of Quantitative Research on Nursing PracticeNurses argon evaluate to provide the best standards of palm possible for their patients and clients, and in order to do this, they argon required to provide certify-based practice wherever possible. Part of this process of providing care based on the best available evidence involves appraising unproblematic search (Elliott, 2001, p 555). If nurses are to improve their practice, and apply evidence to improve their clinical and theoretical knowledge and skills, they must be able to assess the persona of the available inquiry which is relevant to their practice (Freshwater and Bishop, 2003k p23 Hek, 2000, p 19). According to Hek (2000 p 19-21), evidence based practice incorporates professional expertise, patient need and preference, and the best available evidence. But in order to fall upon this best evidence, the nurse must compact an evaluation and critical review of research studies, to see if the research is use ful and of sufficient quality to be applied to their practice (Fink, 2005).This essay evaluates a valued research word which has relevance to treat practice, because it deals with a chronic condition and one which is prevalent in world dewy-eyed populations. The author will review Tangkawanich et al (2008 p 216) Causal model of health health-related quality of life in masses living with HIV/AIDS in the northern region of Thailand. This article is published in a reputable journal, The Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences which addresses issues of interest and concern to nurses internation solelyy, and as such, offers specific insight into HIV/AIDS and nursing within a global context.There are a number of appraisal tools available to healthcare practitioners to assist them in analysing and critiquing primary research articles. much(prenominal) models are actual over time in brotherly intercourse to standardised conceptualisations of what bring ups quality and rigour in re search and in its inform. For the purposes of this essay, the primary tool apply is that proposed by Cormack (2000), but the author will convey reference to other critiquing guides and information, including the popular CASP tool (PHRU, 2009, online)Discussion1. TitleThe call is concise (Cormack, 2000) and describes the focus of the research itself. While it clearly indicates what the purpose of the study was (Cormack, 2000), it could be clearer and more indicative of the nature of the study. While the nature of the research in setting out to establish the causal relationships between age, antriretroviral discussion, social support, none experience, self-care strategies and health related quality of life (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) in the chosen sample and population, is apparent in the abstract, thither is little indication of these particular variables in the title, although the description of the causal model (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) does indicate the nature of the research. The use of the word causal (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216) to a fault suggests that this is a quantitative research article. It does not clearly indicate the research approach employ (Cormack, 2000). To the less research-aware reader, it would be difficult to divine this information from the title alone, and it could be argued that it would be better to include in this title a clearer indication of the nature of the study. This would then help the reader to identify if this is the type of research study that would be applicable to their own practice or learning.2. AuthorsThe authors qualifications are provided, and they all are registered nurses, all of which have postgraduate degrees, and two of which have doctorates. They all work within nursing education within a University context. This would suggest that they have the research skills and expertise to carry out such a study. However, there is no indication in the author list whether or not any of them have th e statistical expertise for the study.3. AbstractTangkawanich et al, (2008 p 216) provide an abstract, which is set by Cormack (2000) as an important introduction to the article. The study effectively summarises the research, by identifying the variables being tested. The authors do not, however, present the hypothesis in the abstract (Cormack, 2000). The abstract contains a summary of the study sample, and also identifies the research tools that have been used. They include the results and a summary of conclusions from these puzzleings. As such, the abstract does represent the article itself (PHRU, 2009, online), and for the reader, it does make it easy to identify whether or not the article is relevant to their interest. In particular, it does indicate clearly that it is a quantitative paper which uses recognisable info collection tools.4. Introduction and books ReviewAlthough Cormack (2000) separates these two into distinct subheadings, within this article, the introduction a nd literature review are contiguous. The author has noted that this is often the case in the reporting of such studies, but this may simply be a convention of the publication itself, and not the preference of the authors of the study. The authors use the introduction to contextualise the problem in relation to published research, stating the importance of health-related quality of life (HRQL) for stack living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), because of the impact of the disease on these individuals daily lives (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). They discuss changes and advances in treatment options for this condition, and relate this to HRQL, and then discuss the disease itself, and how these impact upon HRQL (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). They summarise some research active this topic, and also look at self-care strategies, symptom steering and treatment (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216). There is some exploration of HRQL and its relationship to nursing and to existing literature on this topic, which aids understanding of the concept prior to edition the rest of the article. They highlight some important topics in relation to the focus of the article, including treatment, social support, and other issues (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 216).Although the introduction/literature review contextualises and introduces this study, this author believes that a more leveled critical analysis of the literature would be warranted here. It is not enough to cite previous research as a means of establishing the certificate of the study, as it were. A replete(p)r range of research could have been included Gerrish and Lacey, 2006, 38 Fontana, 2004, p 93), and this research could have been evaluated to identify its quality. It is left to the reader to pursue this affaire and determine the quality of the research upon which they base the premise and justification for this study. This could be considered a limitation in the reporting of this research.5. The HypothesisThe authors do not tell apart a hypothesis (Cormack, 2000), as such, but instead present a research question. The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationships between age, antiretroviral treatment, social support, symptom experience, self-care strategies, and the HRQL in Thai PLWHA (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). The nature of this statement would suggest that it is not an experimental study, but that it is within a quantitative research paradigm.6. Operational definitionsCormack (2000) suggests that people appraising research question whether operational definitions are clearly presented. In this study, operational definitions are explained within the introduction but in language that would make it inaccessible to the less experienced or less knowledgeable reader.7. MethodologyThe methodology component part does not clearly state or discuss the select of a quantitative approach (Cormack, 2000). The focus of the section on Methods is rather on the instruments that are being u sed. The quality of this study seems to rest in the prime(prenominal) of a quantitative approach, and the choice of data collection instruments. Quantitative research approaches offer a better standards of evidence, with generally great ability for replication and greater rigour (Kitson et al, 2000 p 149 Duffy, 2005, p 233). As far as research for healthcare practice is concerned, quantitative studies hold better status than those based with a qualitative paradigm (Hek, 2000 p 19 Newman et al, 1998 p 231 Pepler et al, 2006, p 23). There is however no real discussion of the underpinning principles of quantitative research (Parahoo, 2006).It is good that the research instruments are explained in such point, because it helps overcome one of the limitations of quantitative research, that of not asking the right questions to elicit answers that relate to person al experience (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004 p 14).8. SubjectsThere is very limited detail given of sample selection, save st ating that eight hospitals were indiscriminately selected using a lottery method without replacement and that the 422 participants were randomly sampled (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). This could constitute a limitation of this research, as it is not possible to identify if there was any sampling bias, how participants were recruited, who recruited them, and any ethical issues in relation to participant recruitment (Hek, 2000, p 20 PHRU, 2009, online, Bowling, 2002). This author would argue that this is a weakness of the study, as these are crucial elements of quality measurement in primary research within healthcare (Austin, 2001 p 1 Cooper, 2006, p 439 Nuremberg Code, 1949, online).9. Sample selectionSample selection is not discussed in any detail, which could be a weakness of the study, as mentioned above (Cormack, 2000). Sample size is stated, but it is not stated whether this was statistically determined, which could also be considered a weakness, as achieving a statisticall y sound sample size is important within quantitative research (Daggett et al, 2005, p 255 Donovan, 2002).10. Data CollectionData collection procedures are not adequately described in this study (Cormack, 2000). This would be problematic for replication and for rigour. There is no indication who administered the questionnaires, whether or not they were self-report in the participants own time and convenience, or whether a researcher was present at the time of completion. This could be considered a weakness of this studys reporting. The issue of researcher bias is important in the completion of data collection tools, and while questionnaires may be considered a way of avoiding this, if they are remotely administered, it is not always possible to check they are full, or honest, or completed by the intended target (Gillham, 2000, p 48). Having the researcher present, however, could introduce bias or influence of some kind, particularly in vulnerable people (Bowling, 2001). As these are vulnerable adults attending clinics for their chronic condition, not discussion how the data was collected from them is a serious failing and may also constitute an ethical issue.However, a strength of this study could be considered to be the use of multiple data collection instruments, and the detail with which they are described, and their provenance accounted for. They have used the Social Support Questionniare, the Symptom Experience Questionnaire, the Self-Care Strategies Questionnaire, and the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217). These are described in detail, and where they are based on previously developed research or derived directly from previous studies, this is also described. As these are established research data collection tools, this would suggest they have been previously validated, which adds to the quality of the research (Yu and Cooper, 1983 p 36 Oppenheim, 1992 McDowell and Newell, 1996 McColl et al, 2001 p 1). The demog raphics of the sample are addressed to some extent, and the use of multiple tools also helps to address potential confounding variables or factors (PHRU, 2009, online).11. Ethical ConsiderationsIt is clearly stated within the study that ethical approval was derived from an appropriate body, and that informed consent was achieved, both of which signify good ethical comity here (Cormack, 2000). However, there is no description of what information was given to the participants, how informed consent was achieved, or if there was any issue with communication or availableness for people with different communication needs. It does not specifically address issues of anonymity and confidentiality (Cormack, 2000), but instead seems to focus on safety (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218).12. ResultsThe results of this study are presented in tables, diagrams, and in great detail within the text of the paper. The key results and demographic issues are presented, but data presentation is summarised in a results section and then in more detail in the discussion. The findings are not very accessible, but p values are clearly stated, which is important in a study of this kind. PHRU (2009, online), within the CASP tool, poses the question of do you believe the results?. This is an important question. The results seem plausible, and relate to established statistical analysis procedures (see below). But because of the lack of detail about the sample, and the selection method, it is not possible to eradicate the doubts about these findings, in relation to potential bias. But in the context of the authors wider knowledge and understanding about people living with HIV/AIDS, the results seem believable. However, the issue of bias cannot be overlooked. More transparency in reporting of key elements of this study would have do it easier to determine whether these results constitute good evidence for practice (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999 p 317 Pepler et al, 2006, p 23).12. Data analysisT he authors carried out the statistical analyses using SPSS, which is an established statistical programme, and LISREL, which is not a programme this author is familiar with. They describe generating descriptive statistics for each of the variables under consideration, but do not present these in any detail (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 218). They then describe the use of multivariate analysis for specific model development, and using other tests, some of which are familiar to the author, some of which are not. While the multivariate analysis and X2 tests are acceptable tests of inference or relationships between variables (Duff, 2005 p 234), anyone who does not have the specialist knowledge of the other tests would find it hard to determine their appropriateness here. The level of specialist statistical knowledge required to understand this would be significant. More transparency could have been achieved by including an explanation of these tests.13. DiscussionThe discussion appears q uite balanced (Cormack, 2000), and is very fine, which is good, given the complexity of this study, involving as it does multiple data collection instruments. The study relates the findings back to a wide range of other research studies, which is a strength of this part of the report, showing congruence with many other findings in relation to quality of life, age, socioeconomic status, social support, antiretroviral treatment, symptoms, and self-care (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 219). Limitations of the study are also acknowledged (Cormack, 2000). However, the implications for practice are presented in a separate section.14. ConclusionsThe conclusion supports the results obtained (Cormack, 2000), although it is not a very detailed summation of the complexity of the findings. However, this is referred to in the Implications and Recommendations section. (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217).15. RecommendationsThe authors of this study suggest that social support would have the strongest ef fect on HRQL(Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 220). They recommend a wide range of strategies to support this, and also look at all the other factors, making recommendations for improving care for this patient population. These are all consistent with the study. However, the save recommendation for future research is that it should be longitudinal rather than cross-sectional (Tangkawanich et al, 2008 p 217).ConclusionIt is apparent from this study that social and other factors have a serious impact upon the lived experience and quality of life of the target population. It is also apparent that social factors may outweigh medical factors, other than in the preparation of antiretroviral therapies for these patients. It would appear, therefore, that understanding these factors and the relationships between them could improve nursing and healthcare practice for people living with HIV/AIDS. However, this author would also conclude that because of some methodological and reporting weaknesses i n this study, it would be better to find other research confirming these findings before using it as evidence for practice.